Upper GI scopy – diagnostic

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), sometimes referred to as an upper GI endoscopy, is a diagnostic procedure that looks at the upper portion of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the stomach, esophagus, and the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine.

...

Colonoscopy - diagnostic

A colonoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the colon and rectum. A long, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the rectum allowing the gastroenterologist to view the colon's lining, take tissue samples, and remove abnormal tissue.

...

GI bleed - UGI scopy + Hemoclip / adrenaline/ APC

A gastrointestinal (GI) bleed is a severe condition that requires prompt medical evaluation and treatment. During a UGI endoscopy for a GI bleed, the endoscopist may employ various therapeutic interventions to control the bleeding. These interventions include the use of hemoclips, adrenaline injections, and argon plasma coagulation (APC).

...

Variceal bleed - UGI scopy + variceal band ligation

Variceal bleeding is a life-threatening condition often associated with advanced liver disease and portal hypertension. It involves bleeding from varices, which are enlarged veins in the esophagus or stomach. The primary method for diagnosing and treating a variceal bleed is an Upper Gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy, during which a procedure called variceal band ligation (VBL) is commonly performed.

...

Fundal varix - UGI scopy + glue injection

Fundal varices are dilated submucosal veins in the fundus of the stomach, and they are associated with portal hypertension, often secondary to liver cirrhosis. One of the treatment options for bleeding fundal varices is an Upper Gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy with glue injection, specifically using cyanoacrylate.

...

Dysphagia - Esophageal stricture dilatation

Dysphagia refers to difficulty in swallowing food and beverages, which can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. One common reason for dysphagia is the narrowing of the oesophagus, called an oesophageal stricture. Oesophageal stricture dilatation is a procedure that helps alleviate dysphagia symptoms caused by such strictures.

...

Ca Oesophagus with dysphagia - oesophageal SEMS placement

Oesophageal cancer patients with dysphagia often require palliative treatment to maintain their ability to swallow and ensure nutritional intake. One such treatment is the placement of a self-expanding metal stent (SEMS) to alleviate dysphagia.

...

Gastric Outlet obstruction— duodenal SEMS placement

Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is a medical problem where the passage of gastric contents into the duodenum is hindered, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, early satiety, and weight loss. When surgical intervention is not feasible, or a malignancy causes the obstruction, one of the palliative treatments available is the placement of a duodenal self-expanding metal stent (SEMS).

...

Stroke patients with dysphagia - PEG tube placement

Stroke patients often experience dysphagia or difficulty swallowing due to impaired muscle control in the mouth and throat. One of the interventions to manage this condition is the placement of a Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) tube.

...

Obstructive jaundice - ERCP + CBD clearance, stenting

Obstructive jaundice is characterized by the yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) due to an obstruction in the bile ducts, which inhibits the regular flow of bile from the liver to the intestines. One of the primary diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for obstructive jaundice is Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with common bile duct (CBD) clearance and possibly stenting.

...

Gall stone with jaundice - ERCP + CBD clearance, stenting

At times, gallstones can migrate from the gallbladder gland into the common bile duct (CBD), leading to obstructive jaundice. This condition is characterized by a blockage that prevents bile from flowing from the liver into the intestines, causing a buildup of bilirubin in the blood. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with CBD clearance and potentially stenting is a key therapeutic approach for managing this condition.

...

Chronic pancreatitis - ERCP + PD clearance + stenting

Chronic pancreatitis causes inflammation of the pancreas, leading to scarring and complications such as narrowing of the pancreatic duct, stones, and obstruction of pancreatic enzymes. ERCP with pancreatic duct clearance and stenting is a treatment option for these issues.

...

Acute pancreatitis with WOPN - cyst drainage

Acute pancreatitis can sometimes lead to complications, including the formation of Walled-Off Pancreatic Necrosis (WOPN), a collection of pancreatic and peripancreatic necrosis that has become encapsulated by a well-defined inflammatory wall. Drainage of the cyst is often required to manage these symptoms and prevent further complications.

...

Rectal bleed – colonoscopy + APC, hemoclip

Various conditions, including haemorrhoids, anal fissures, IBD, polyps, and colorectal cancer, can cause rectal bleeding. A colonoscopy examination can help identify the source of bleeding, and therapeutic techniques, such as APC and hemoclips, may be used to control the bleeding.

...

Colon Polyp - Colonoscpy + polypectomy

Colon polyps are growths on the inner lining of the colon (large intestine) or rectum. Detection and removal of polyps through a colonoscopy, a procedure known as polypectomy, is a key preventive measure against colon cancer.

...

Haemorrrhoids - Sigmoidoscopy +. Haemorrhoidal banding / sclerotherapy

In the lower area of the abdomen and rectum, there are swollen veins called haemorrhoids that can cause discomfort, bleeding, and itching. Two common procedures for treating symptomatic haemorrhoids are hemorrhoidal banding and sclerotherapy, which can be done with sigmoidoscopy for colon examination.

...

Colon obstruction - Colon SEMS placement

Colon obstruction is a blockage of the bowel that prevents normal bowel movements. A Self-Expanding Metal Stent (SEMS) can be placed in the colon as a minimally invasive treatment option when immediate surgery is not possible.

...

Colon stricture - Colonoscopy + stenting

Colon strictures narrow the colon, causing abdominal pain, constipation, and bloating. They can be caused by various conditions, and when conservative treatments are ineffective, endoscopic interventions like colonoscopy with stenting can provide relief.

...